The global consumption of fish, as a vital source of protein, has doubled from the 1960s to 2020s. Since the 1990s, captured fisheries have plateaued while demand continues to grow, with aquaculture stepping in to meet the gap. However, feed costs account for 65–70% of a fish farm’s operational expenses. Traditional feeding practices rely on observation, experience, and trial and error, making them error-prone and inefficient.
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